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<com:TContent ID="body">
<h1>Complex Properties</h1>
<p>In a relational database, one table will often refer to another. Likewise,
some of your business objects may include another object or list of objects.
Types that nest other types are called "complex types". You may not want a
statement to return a simple type, but a fully-formed complex type.</p>

<p>In the database, a related column is usually represented via a 1:1
relationship, or a 1:M relationship where the class that holds the complex
property is from the "many side" of the relationship and the property itself
is from the "one side" of the relationship. The column returned from the
database will not be the property we want; it is a key to be used in another
query.</p>

<p>From the framework's perspective, the problem is not so much loading a complex
type, but loading each "complex property". To solve this problem, you can
specify in the Result Map a statement to run to load a given property. In
the following example, the "category" property of the
"select-product-result" element is a complex property.</p>

<com:TTextHighlighter Language="xml" CssClass="source">
<resultMap id="select-product-result" class="product">
    <result property="id" column="PRD_ID"/>
    <result property="description" column="PRD_DESCRIPTION"/>
    <result property="category" column="PRD_CAT_ID" select="selectCategory"/>
</resultMap>

<resultMap id="select-category-result" class="category">
    <result property="id" column="CAT_ID"/>
    <result property="description" column="CAT_DESCRIPTION"/>
</resultMap>

<select id="selectProduct" parameterClass="int" resultMap="select-product-result">
   select * from PRODUCT where PRD_ID = #value#
</select>

<select id="selectCategory" parameterClass="int" resultMap="select-category-result">
   select * from CATEGORY where CAT_ID = #value#
</select>
</com:TTextHighlighter>

<p>In the above example, the framework will use the "selectCategory"
statement to populate the "category" property. The value of each category is
passed to the "selectCategory" statement, and the object returned is set to
the category property. When the process completes, each Product instance will
have the the appropriate category object instance set.</p>

<h1>Avoiding N+1 Selects (1:1)</h1>
<p>A problem with the above example may be that whenever you load a
Product, two statements execute: one for the Product and one for the Category.
For a single Product, this issue may seem trivial. But if you load 10
products, then 11 statements execute. For 100 Products, instead of one
statement product statement executing, a total of 101 statements execute. The
number of statements executing for the above example will always be
N+1: 100+1=101.</p>

<p>One way to mitigate the problem is to cache the "selectCategory" statement.
We might have a hundred products, but there might only be five categories.
Instead of running a SQL query or stored procedure, the framework will return
the category object from it cache. A 101 statements would still run, but they
would not be hitting the database. See <a href="?page=Manual.CacheModels">Cache Models</a> 
more details about caches.</p>

<p>Another solution is to use a standard SQL join to return the columns you need
from the another table. A join can bring all the columns we need over from the
database in a single query. When you have a nested object, you can reference
nested properties using a dotted notation, like "category.description".</p>

<p>The following example solves the same problem as the previous 
example, but uses a join instead of nested properties.</p>

<com:TTextHighlighter Language="xml" CssClass="source">  
<resultMap id="select-product-result" class="product">
    <result property="id" column="PRD_ID"/>
    <result property="description" column="PRD_DESCRIPTION"/>
    <result property="category" resultMapping="Category.CategoryResult" />
</resultMap>

<statement id="selectProduct" parameterClass="int" resultMap="select-product-result">
    select *
    from PRODUCT, CATEGORY
    where PRD_CAT_ID=CAT_ID
    and PRD_ID = #value#
</statement>
</com:TTextHighlighter>

<div class="info"><b class="tip">Lazy Loading vs. Joins (1:1):</b>
<p>It's important to note that using a join is not always better. If you are in a
situation where it is rare to access the related object (e.g. the category
property of the Product class) then it might actually be faster to avoid the
join and the unnecessary loading of all category properties. This is
especially true for database designs that involve outer joins or nullable
and/or non-indexed columns. In these situations it might be better to use the
sub-select solution with lazy loading enabled. The general rule of thumb is:
use the join if you're more likely going to access the associated properties
than not. Otherwise, only use it if lazy loading is not an option.</p>

<p>If you're having trouble deciding which way to go, don't worry. No matter
which way you go, you can always change it without impacting your application
source code. The two examples above result in
exactly the same object graph and are loaded using the exact same method call
from the application. The only consideration is that if you were to enable
caching, then the using the separate select (not the join) solution could
result in a cached instance being returned. But more often than not, that
won't cause a problem (your application shouldn't be dependent on instance
level equality i.e. "<tt>===</tt>").</p>
</div>

<h1>Complex Collection Properties</h1>
<p>It is also possible to load properties that represent lists of complex
objects. In the database the data would be represented by a M:M relationship,
or a 1:M relationship where the class containing the list is on the "one
side" of the relationship and the objects in the list are on the "many
side"". To load a <tt>TList</tt> of objects, there is no change to the statement
(see example above). The only difference required to cause the SQLMap
DataMapper framework to load the property as a <tt>TList</tt> is that the property
on the business object must be of type <tt>TList</tt>. For example, if a Category
has a <tt>TList</tt> of Product instances, the mapping would look like this
(assuming Category has a property called "ProductList" of <tt>TList</tt>.):</p>

<com:TTextHighlighter Language="xml" CssClass="source"> 
<resultMap id="select-category-result" class="Category">
    <result property="Id" column="CAT_ID"/>
    <result property="Description" column="CAT_DESCRIPTION"/>
    <result property="ProductList" column="CAT_ID" select="selectProductsByCatId"/>
</resultMap>

<resultMap id="select-product-result" class="Product">
    <result property="Id" column="PRD_ID"/>
    <result property="Description" column="PRD_DESCRIPTION"/>
</resultMap>

<statement id="selectCategory" parameterClass="int"
            resultMap="select-category-result">
    select * from CATEGORY where CAT_ID = #value#
</statement>

<statement id="selectProductsByCatId" parameterClass="int"
          resultMap="select-product-result">
   select * from PRODUCT where PRD_CAT_ID = #value#
</statement>
</com:TTextHighlighter> 

<h1>Avoiding N+1 Select Lists (1:M and M:N)</h1>
<p>This is similar to the 1:1 situation above, but is of even greater concern due
to the potentially large amount of data involved. The problem with the
solution above is that whenever you load a Category, two SQL statements are
actually being run (one for the Category and one for the list of associated
Products). This problem seems trivial when loading a single Category, but if
you were to run a query that loaded ten (10) Categories, a separate query
would be run for each Category to load its associated list of Products. This
results in eleven (11) queries total: one for the list of Categories and one
for each Category returned to load each related list of Products (N+1 or in
this case 10+1=11). To make this situation worse, we're dealing with
potentially large lists of data.</p>

<com:TTextHighlighter Language="xml" CssClass="source"> 
<resultMap id="select-category-result" class="Category">
    <result property="Id" column="CAT_ID"/>
    <result property="Description" column="CAT_DESCRIPTION"/>
    <result property="ProductList" column="CAT_ID" select="selectProductsByCatId"/>
</resultMap>

<resultMap id="select-product-result" class="Product">
    <result property="Id" column="PRD_ID"/>
    <result property="Description" column="PRD_DESCRIPTION"/>
</resultMap>

<!-- This statement executes 1 time -->
<statement id="selectCategory" parameterClass="int"
            resultMap="select-category-result">
    select * from CATEGORY where CAT_ID = #value#
</statement>

<!-- This statement executes N times (once for each category returned above)
     and returns a list of Products (1:M) -->
<statement id="selectProductsByCatId" parameterClass="int"
            resultMap="select-product-result">
    select * from PRODUCT where PRD_CAT_ID = #value#
</statement>
</com:TTextHighlighter> 

<h2>1:N and M:N Solution?</h2>
<p>
One way to avoid multiple SQL queries is to use Joins in the query
together with the <tt>groupBy</tt> attribute in <tt>&lt;resultMap&gt;</tt> and
the <tt>resultMapping</tt> attribute of <tt>&lt;result&gt;</tt>. 
The following example selects all the categories and the corresponding
products using 1 query.
</p>

<com:TTextHighlighter Language="xml" CssClass="source"> 
<resultMap id="select-category-result" class="Category" groupBy="CAT_ID">
    <result property="Id" column="CAT_ID"/>
    <result property="Description" column="CAT_DESCRIPTION"/>
    <result property="ProductList" resultMapping="select-product-result"/>
</resultMap>
 
<resultMap id="select-product-result" class="Product">
    <result property="Id" column="PRD_ID"/>
    <result property="Description" column="PRD_DESCRIPTION"/>
</resultMap>
 
<!-- This statement executes 1 time -->
<statement id="selectCategory" parameterClass="int"
            resultMap="select-category-result">
    select 
            CATEGORY.CAT_ID as CAT_ID,
            CATEGORY.CAT_DESCRIPTION as CAT_DESCRIPTION,
            PRODUCT.PRD_ID as PRD_ID,
            PRODUCT.PRD_DESCRIPTION as PRD_DESCRIPTION
     from CATEGORY 
        left join PRODUCT on
            PRODUCT.PRD_CAT_ID = CATEGORY.CAT_ID
</statement>
</com:TTextHighlighter> 

<p>In the above example, the <tt>groupBy</tt> attribute is set
to the column of that specifies the Category ID. All the rows
with the same <tt>CAT_ID</tt> will be considered as a collection
for the <tt>ProductList</tt> property.</p>
 
<div class="info"><b>Lazy Loading vs. Joins (1:M and M:N):</b>
<p>As with the 1:1 situation described previously, it's important to note that
using a join is not always better. This is even more true for collection
properties than it was for individual value properties due to the greater
amount of data. If you are in a situation where it is rare to access the
related object (e.g. the ProductList property of the Category class) then it
might actually be faster to avoid the join and the unnecessary loading of the
list of products. This is especially true for database designs that involve
outer joins or nullable and/or non-indexed columns. In these situations it
might be better to use the sub-select solution with the lazy loading. The
general rule of thumb is: use the join if you're more likely going to access
the associated properties than not. Otherwise, only use it if lazy loading is
not an option.</p>

<p>As mentioned earlier, if you're having trouble deciding which way to go, don't
worry. No matter which way you go, you can always change it without impacting
your PHP code. The two examples above would result in exactly the same object
graph and are loaded using the exact same method call. The only consideration
is that if you were to enable caching, then the using the separate select (not
the join) solution could result in a cached instance being returned. But more
often than not, that won't cause a problem (your application should not be
dependent on instance level equality i.e. "<tt>===</tt>").</p>
</div>

</com:TContent>